Checklists of Fish Species Infected with Species of the Genus Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda), the Causative Agents of the Yellow Grub Disease, in Iraq

Mhaisen

Authors

Mhaisen

Keywords:

Trematoda, Clinostomum, Fishes, Distribution, Iraq.

Abstract

A survey of 60 references concerning the occurrence of species of the trematode genus Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 parasitizing freshwater fishes and one marine fish of Iraq indicated that there are three identified species of this genus: C. complanatum, C. dasi and C. tilapiae as well as some unidentified species of this genus infecting 29 fish species. The infections were distributed mainly in fishes from different inland water bodies as well as in two fishponds in Baghdad and Babylon provinces. Among the infected fishes, Carasobarbus luteus, Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio and Heteropneustes fossilis were infected with the highest number of Clinostomum species (two parasite species each), while the remaining fish species were each infected with only C. complanatum. Among such trematodes, C. complanatum was infecting all 29 fish species, followed by C. dasi and C. tilapiae, which infected two and one fish species, respectively.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Abbas, A.A.-K. (2007). Histopathological studies of some parasites of the Asian catfish, Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) and potassium permanganate on the black molly, Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes, 1846). Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ., Univ. Basrah: 144 pp. (In Arabic).

Abdullah, S.M.A. (1990). Survey of the parasites of fishes of Dokan Lake. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Salahaddin: 121 pp. (In Arabic).

Abdullah, S.M.A. (2002). Ecology, taxonomy and biology of some parasites of fishes from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ. (Ibn Al-Haitham), Univ. Baghdad: 153 pp. (In Arabic).

Abdullah, S.M.A. and Mhaisen, F.T. (2010). Comparative study on the parasitic infections of some sympatric fish species in Greater Zab and Lesser Zab rivers, north of Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 23 (Spec. Issue 2): 70-80.

Abdullah, S.M.A. and Mhaisen, F.T. (2011). Digenetic trematodes and cestodes parasitizing some fishes from Greater Zab River, North of Iraq. Fifth Sci. Conf. Coll. Agric., Tikrit Univ. Tikrit: 26-27 April 2011: 250-254. (In Arabic).

Abdullah, S.M.A. and Rasheed, A.A.M. (2004). Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Dokan Lake, north of Iraq. I: Ectoparasites. Ibn Al-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 17(1): 34-46.

Abdullah, Y.S. (2013). Study on the parasites of some fishes from Darbandikhan Lake in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Sci. & Sci. Educ. Sch., Univ. Sulaimani: 116 pp.

Abdullah, Y.S. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2015a). Observations on fishes and their parasites of Darbandikhan Lake, Kurdistan Region in north Iraq. Am. J. Biol. Life Scs., 3(5): 176-180.

Abdullah, Y.S. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2015b). The parasitic infections of some freshwater fishes from Darbandikhan Lake, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. J. Garmian Univ., Spec. Issue 2: 874-884.

Abdullah, Y.S. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2015c). Some observations on fishes and their parasites of Darbandikhan Lake, Kurdistan Region in north Iraq. Eur. Sci. J. Spec. Ed., ISSN-1857-7431: 409-417.

Abdullah, Y.S.; Bilal, S.J.; Rahman, S.K. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2018). Study of helminthes in Glyptothorax kurdistanicus (Actinopterygii: Sisoridae) in Greater Zab and Lesser Zab rivers, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Proc. Book, Int. Conf. Appl. Sci. Energy Environ. (ICASEE 2018) Educ. Faculty/ Ishik Univ., 7-9 April 2018: 42-51. DOI:10.23918/ICASEE2018.04.

Abdullah, Y.S.; Bilal, S.J.; Rahman, S.K. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2019). Study of helminthes in Glyptothorax kurdistanicus (Actinopterygii: Sisoridae) in Greater Zab and Lesser Zab rivers, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. ZANCO J. Pure Appl. Sci., 31(s4): 131-137. DOI:10.21271/ZJPAS.31.s4.21.

Abdullah, Y.S.; Bilal, S.J.; Hama Soor, T.A. and Mohammad, Y.O. (2023). Surface ultrastructure and molecular studies of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Clinostomidae) metacercariae in some freshwater fishes from Sulaimani Province, Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 36(2): 81-98. DOI:10.37077/25200860.2023.36.2.07.

Abdullah, Y.S.; Bilal, S.J.; Rahman, S.K.; Abdullah, S.M.A. and Mahmud, K.K. (2017). Study of helminthes in Glyptothorax kurdistanicus (Actinopterygii: Sisoridae) in Greater Zab and Lesser Zab rivers, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Program and Abstract Book, 6th Int. Conf. Workshop Basic Appl. Sci. (ICOWOBAS 2017). Salahaddin Univ., Erbil: 18-19 March 2017: 76. (Abstract). For details, see Abdullah et al. (2018).

Abdul-Rahman, N.M. (1999). Parasites infection in fish from Garmat Ali River and its relation with food items. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 103 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Ali, Z.A.J.R. (1998). A study of some trematodes and its histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah Province. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 107 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Awadi, H.M.H. (1997). Some ecological aspects of the parasitic faunae of fishes and aquatic birds in Bahr Al-Najaf depression, Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ. (Ibn Al-Haitham), Univ. Baghdad: 71 pp.

Al-Awadi, H.M.H.; Mhaisen, F.T. and Al-Joborae, F.F. (2010). Parasitic fauna of fishes in Bahr Al-Najaf Depression, Mid Iraq. Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus., 11(1): 1-9.

Al-Azebawe, S.J.M. (2010). Isolation and diagnosis of some ectoparasites of fishes in Ibn Najim Marsh and the ecological factors affected on them in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Province. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Educ. Girls, Univ. Kufa: 111 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Daraji, S.A.M. (1986). Survey of parasites from five species of fishes found in Al-Hammar Marsh. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 130 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Helli, A.M.S. (2019). Fish assemblage structure and some of its environmental and health aspects in Euphrates River near Samawa City. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 208 pp. (In Arabic).

Ali, A.H. (2001). Pathological effects of helminths parasitic on some local fishes. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 174 pp. (In Arabic).

Ali, B.A.-R. (1989). Studies on parasites of some freshwater fishes from Greater Zab- Iski-Kalak. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Salahadden: 120 pp. (In Arabic).

Ali, N.M.; Al-Jafery, A.R. and Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (1986). New records of three digenetic trematodes on some freshwater fishes from Diyala River, Iraq. Proc. 4th Sci. Conf., Sci. Res. Counc., 5(1): 10-19.

Ali, N.M.; Al-Jafery, A.R. and Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (1987a). Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes in Diyala River, Iraq. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 18(1): 163-181.

Ali, N.M.; Salih, N.E. and Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (1987b). Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. II: Trematoda. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 18(2): 19-27.

Al-Jadoaa, N.A.A. (2002). The parasitic infections and pathological changes of some local and cultured fishes from Al-Qadisiya and Babylon provinces. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ., Al-Qadisiya Univ.: 158 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Janae'e, A.M.S. (2010). Parasites of some Iraqi fishes in two localities varied in their trophic levels in inland water of Basrah. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 227 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Jawda, J.M. and Ali, M.H. (2020). Monogeneans and trematodes of some fishes from Lake Hamrin in Diyala Province, Iraq. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 33(3): 218-228. DOI:10.37077/ 25200860.2020.33.2.19.

Al-Jawda, J.M. and Asmar, K.R. (2015). A second collection of monogeneans and trematodes (Phylum Platyhelminthes) parasitic on some fishes from Tigris River at Baghdad Province, Iraq. Ann. Res. Rev. Biol., 7(2): 126-132. DOI:10.9734/ARRB/2015/17797.

Al-Jubori, M.I.A. (2013). Parasitic infections of some cyprinid and mugilid families fishes from Tigris River passing through Tikrit City. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Tikrit: 86 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Kinanny, Z.A.H. and Al-Ubaydi, N.A.H. (2017). Seasonal changes and their impact on the incidence internal parasites of fish Liza abu in The-Qar Governorate. J. Al-Qadisiyah Pure Sci., 22(1) : 41-47. (In Arabic). https://qu.edu.iq/journalsc/index.php/JOPS/ article/view/700.

Al-Maliki, G.M.; Al-Khafaji, K.K. and Al-Shemary, A.J. (2015). Incidence of parasites in Tilapia zillii from Tigris at north of Qurna with some environmental parameters of the river. J. Basrah Res. (Sci.), 41(2) A: 86-92.

Al-Musaedi, A.I.C. (2020). Morphological and molecular study of gastrointestinal helminthes parasites of some fish species in Al-Huwayzah Marsh, Misan/ Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Misan: 97 pp.

Al-Nasiri, F.S. (2000). Parasitic infections of fishes in a manmade lake at Al-Amiriya Region, Baghdad. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Educ. (Ibn Al-Haitham), Univ. Baghdad: 133 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Niaeem, K.S.K. (2006). Infection distribution of fish parasites in Basrah Province and pathological effects of Saprolegnia sp. and its susceptibility to some plant extracts. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 172 pp. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.19357.72165. (In Arabic).

Al-Saadi, A.A.J.J. (2007). Ecology and taxonomy of parasites of some fishes and biology of Liza abu from Al-Husainia Creek in Karbala Province, Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ. (Ibn Al-Haitham), Univ. Baghdad: 155 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Saadi, A.A.J.; Mhaisen, F.T. and Hasan, H.R. (2010). Ectoparasites of seven fish species from Al-Husainia Creek, Karbala Province, mid Iraq. J. Kerbala Univ., 8(4): 1-7.

Al-Saadi, A.A.J.; Mhaisen, F.T. and Hasan, H.R. (2011). Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) in Al-Husainia Creek, Karbala Province, Iraq and effect of parasitism on its gonadosomatic index. Iraqi J. Agric. Res. (Spec. Issue), 16(3): 166-173. (In Arabic).

Al-Saboonchi, A.A.; Al-Niaeem, K.S. and Al-Janae'e, A.M. (2009). Effect of organically polluted water on common carp Cyprinus carpio infected with the anchor worm Lernaea cyprinacea. Proc. 3rd Sci. Conf. Coll. Sci., Univ. Baghdad. Baghdad: 24-26 March 2009: 252-259. DOI:10.13140/ RG.2.1.1680.3928.

Al-Salihi, M.S.A.-F.M. (2002). Histopathological and histochemical studies on the cysts of helminth larvae in some vertebrates in Nenavah Governorate. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Mosul: 145 pp. (In Arabic).

Al-Salim, N.K. and Al-Ali, Z.A. (2000). A study of some trematodes and its histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah Province. 1- Taxonomy study. Mar. Mesopot., 15(2): 459-473. (In Arabic).

Al-Salim, N.K. and Mohamad, E.T. (1993a). Infection of Heteropneustes fossilis with some parasite species and their pathological effects on the infected fishes. First Sci. Symp., Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 12-13 April 1993: 17. (In Arabic). (Abstract).

Al-Salim, N.K. and Mohamad, E.T. (1993b). Seasonal variation of infection of Heteropneustes fossilis with some parasite species. First Sci. Symp., Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 12-13 April 1993: 18. (In Arabic). (Abstract).

Al-Salim, N.K. and Mohamad, E.T. (1995). Studies on some parasites of the stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Al-Hammar Marsh- Basrah. A) Infection of Heteropneustes fossilis by four parasites and their effects on the fish infected. Mar. Mesopot., 10(1): 155-170. (In Arabic).

Awad, A.H. & Abbas, A.A. (2009). Histopathological studies on three species of parasites of the Asian catfish, Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843), south of Al-Hammar Marsh, Basrah, Iraq. Sixth Sci. Conf. Fish. Resour. Basrah: 3-4 March 2009. (Abstract).

Bashȇ, S.K.R. (2008). The parasitic fauna of spiny eel Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks and Solander, 1794) from Greater Zab River- Kurdistan Region- Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci. Educ., Univ. Salahaddin: 62 pp.

Bashȇ, S.K.R. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2010a). Parasitic fauna of spiny eel Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab River in Iraq. Iran. J. Vet. Res., Shiraz Univ., 11(1), Ser. 30: 18-27.

Bashȇ, S.K.R. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2010b). The ecology of Mastacembelocleidus heteranchorus (Monogenetic trematode) parasitizing gills of Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab River, Kurdistan Region- Iraq. J. Duhok Univ., 13(1): 139-143.

Bdair, A.T. (2018). Diagnosis of ectoparasitic infestation in some fishes in the Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya Region from Baghdad City. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Vet. Med., Univ. Baghdad: 118 pp. (In Arabic).

Bdair, A.T. and Al-Rudainy, A.A.J. (2018). Digenetic trematodes and crustacean parasitising some fishes from the Tigris River, Al-Zaafaraniya Region, Baghdad City. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 6(1): 681-685.

Bilal, S.J. (2006). Parasitic fauna of some cyprinid fishes from Bahdinan River in Kurdistan Region- Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Sci. Educ. Coll., Univ. Salahaddin: 90 pp.

Bilal, S.J. and Abdullah, S.M.A. (2009). Helminthic fauna of some cyprinid fishes from Bahdinan River, Northern Iraq. J. Arab Univ. Basic Appl. Scs., 8: 17-29.

Choudhary, K.; Ray, S; Shamsi, S. and Agrawal, N. (2022). Characterization of Clinostomum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) spp. in India. Parasitol. Res., 121(11): 3083-3089. DOI:10.1007/ s00436-022-07644-y.

Dias, M.L.G.G.; Eiras, J.C.; Machado, M.H.; Souza, G.T.R. and Pavanelli, G.C. (2003). The life cycle of Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 (Digenea, Clinostomidae) on the floodplain of the high Paraná River, Brazil. Parasitol. Res., 89: 506-508. DOI:10.1007/s00436-002-0796-z.

Di Cesare, L.; Montes, M.M.; Vargas, M.S.; Barbeito, C.G. and Plaul, S.E. (2024). Yellow grub diseases on two seasonal killifish (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae): A histopathological study. Parasitol. Res., 23(11): 395. DOI:10.1007/s00436-024-08420-w.

Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. and Van der Laan, R. (eds.) (2025). Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version updated 4 February 2025.

Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds.) (2024). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2024).

GBIF.org (2024). Global Biodiversity Information Facility, on-line database, http://www.gbif.org. (Accessed 13 December 2024).

Hamadi, H.M.; Jabbar, S. and Ibadi, J. (2011). Isolation and identification of ectoparasites of the green tilapia Tilapia zillii in Hor Ibn Najim, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf and the ecological factors affecting them. First Sci. Conf. Biol. Sci., Coll. Educ. Girls, Univ. Kufa. Kufa: 24-25 April 2011. (Abstract).

Jori, M.M. (1998). Study of the parasites of two mugilid fish species and the effect of some on the blood parameters. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 136 pp. (In Arabic).

Jori, M.M. (2006). Parasitic study on the Asian catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) from Al-Hammar marshes, Basrah, Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, Coll. Educ., Univ. Basrah: 192 pp.

Kadhim, A.H. (2009). Disease agents of four fish species in Basrah Province. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 102 pp. (In Arabic).

Kanev, I.; Radev, V. and Fried, B. (2002). Family Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901. In: Gibson, D.I.; Jones A. and Bray R.A. (Ed.). Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 1 CAB Int. Nat. Hist. Mus., Wallingford: 113-120.

Khamees, N.R. (1983). A study of the parasites of Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel), Liza abu (Heckel) and Aspius vorax Heckel from Mehaijeran Canal, south of Basrah. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 148 pp. (In Arabic).

Lo, C.-F.; Huber, F.; Kou, G.-H. and Ching-Jen Lo, C.-H. (1981). Studies of Clinostomum complanatum (Rud., 1819). Fish Pathol., 15 (3/4): 219-227.

Mahdy, O.A.; Abdel-Maogood, S.Z.; Abdelsalam, M. and Salem, M.A. (2024). A multidisciplinary study on Clinostomum infections in Nile tilapia: micro-morphology, oxidative stress, immunology, and histopathology. BMC Vet. Res., 20 (60), 1-13. DOI:10.1186/ s12917-024-03901-7.

Maleki, L.; Heidari, H.; Ghaderi, E. and Rostamzadeh, J. (2018). Occurrence and description of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1819) metacercariae in freshwater fishes from Gheshlagh Basin, West of Iran. Iran. J. Anim. Biosyst., 14(2): 91-103. DOI:10.22067/ijab.v14i2.74577.

Mehdi, D.S. (1989). Effect of parasites on the biochemical constituents of fishes Liza abu. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Educ., Univ. Basrah: 98 pp. (In Arabic).

Mhaisen, F.T. (1986). Records of some fish parasites from Shatt- Al-Arab River and the north west of the Arab Gulf. Bull. Basrah Nat. Hist. Mus., 6(1): 111-124.

Mhaisen, F.T. (2021). Checklist of parasites of the redbelly tilapia Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) in Iraq. Aalborg Acad. J. Pure Sci., 2(1): 1-17.

Mhaisen, F.T. (2022). Checklists of carp parasites in floating cages of Iraq. Iraqi J. Aquacult., 19(2): 140-166. DOI:10.58629/ ijaq.v19i2.424.

Mhaisen, F.T. (2023). Checklists of fish species infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the causative agent of white spot disease, in Iraq. Iraqi J. Aquacult., 20(2): 130-160.

Mhaisen, F.T. (2024a). Checklists of fish species infected with the fish lice genus Argulus Müller O.F., 1785 (Crustacea: Argulidae) in Iraq. Iraqi J. Aquacult., 21(1): 73- 87.

Mhaisen, F.T. (2024b). Index-catalogue of parasites and disease agents of fishes of Iraq. (Unpublished: mhaisenft@yahoo.co.uk).

Mhaisen, F.T. and Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (2021a). Checklist of fish hosts of species of Lernaea Linnaeus, 1758 (Hexanauplia: Cyclopoida: Lernaeidae) in Iraq. Biol. Appl. Environ. Res., 5(1): 53-73. DOI:10.51304/baer.2021.5.1.53.

Mhaisen, F.T. and Abdul-Ameer, K.N. (2021b). Checklist of fish hosts of species of Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 (Nematoda: Ascaridida: Anisakidae) in Iraq. Biol. Appl. Environ. Res., 5(2): 281-306. DOI:10.51304/baer.2021.5.2.281.

Mhaisen, F.T. and Al-Daraji, S.A.M. (2023). Checklists of species of Ergasilus von Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) parasitic on fishes of Iraq. Iraqi J. Aquacult., 20(2): 217-250.

Mhaisen, F.T.; Ali, A.H. and Adday, T.K (2024). Checklists of fish species infected with parasites of the genera Lamproglena and Pseudolamproglena (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Lernaeidae) in Iraq. Iraqi J. Aquacult., 21(2): 1-16.

Mhaisen, F.T.; Al-Salim, N.K. and Khamees, N.R. (1986). The parasitic fauna of two cyprinids and a mugilid fish from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah. J. Biol. Sci. Res., 17(3): 63-73.

Mohamad, E.T. (1989). Study on parasites of the stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1797) from Al-Hammar Marsh, Basrah. M. Sc. Thesis, Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 103 pp. (In Arabic).

Mohammad, M.S.A.; Al-Kalak, S.N.H. and Rahemo, Z.I.F. (2000). The nervous system and the neurosecretory cells of the metacercaria of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae). Riv. Parassitol., 17(61), No. 1: 45-52.

Park, C.W.; Kim, J.S.; Joo, H.S. and Kim, J. (2009). A human case of Clinostomum complanatum infection in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 47(4): 401-404. DOI:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.401.

Sutili, F.J.; Gressler, L.T. & de Pelegrini, L.F.V. (2014). Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda, Digenea): A parasite of birds and fishes with zoonotic potential in southern Brazil: A review. Rev. Bras. Hig. Sanid. Anim., 8(1): 99-114. DOI:10.5935/1981-2965.20140007.

WoRMS (2025). Clinostomum Leidy 1856. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org./aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=725 100 on 2025-02-18.