Study of some physical and chemical properties of the southern part of Al-Hawizeh Marsh/ Southern of Iraq

Safa H. Saki; Maitham A. Al-Shaheen

doi:10.58629/ijaq.v19i1.435

Authors

Safa H. Saki College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Maitham A. Al-Shaheen College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v19i1.435

Keywords:

Al-Hawizeh Marsh, environmental factors, southern re-flooding, water quality

Abstract

Some physical and chemical properties of the water quality at the Al-Hawizeh Marsh Southern of Iraq were studied seasonally during the period from October 2020 to July 2021 at four stations. The studied factors included air and water temperature, pH, transparency, water salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and chloride ion. The results of the current study showed that the water of the southern Al-Hawizeh Marsh has high average concentrations of salinity (9.2 ppt), electrical conductivity (14.8 mS/cm), and chloride (1749.4 mg/l), as its rise to record high values by a large difference from the previous local studies, and thus it is more saline than the northern part of Al-Hawizeh Marsh due to the impact of the drought extending for nine consecutive years, which threatens to change a large area in the marsh environment may lead, in the event of the continuation of the current situation of lack of water revenues and the deterioration of environmental factors of the southern Al-Hawizeh marsh, to affect the important biodiversity of this vital area.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Safa H. Saki, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Department of Ecology

Maitham A. Al-Shaheen, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq

Department of Ecology,

References

Al-Abadi, H.J.S. (2011). Investigation of bacterial and mineral contamination in the water and sediments of Abu Zark marsh in southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Dhi Qar, 105 pp. (in Arabic).

Al-Abbawy, D.A.H. (2009). Qualitative, Quantitative and Ecological Study of Aquatic Macrophytes in Southern Iraqi Marshes During 2006 And 2007. Ph.D. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 205 pp. (in Arabic).

Al-Abbawy, D.A.H. (2012). Assessment of trophic status for Shatt Al-Arab River using trophic state index (TSI). J. Bas. Res., 38(3): 36-44.

AI-Hejuje, M.M. (2014). Application of water quality and pollution indices to evaluate the water and sediments status in middle part of Shatt AI-Arab River. Ph.D. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 240 pp.

Al-Asadi, A.A.H. (2019). Evaluation of domestic sewage effluent on water quality, level of organic and trophic pollution in central marshes /Southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 160 pp. (in Arabic).

Al-Asadi, S.A. and Maatouk, S.S. (2013). Investing the available potentials in the Hawizeh Marsh, to establish natural reserves.. Adab Al-Basrah, 64: 256-278. (in Arabic).

Al-Atbee, R.S.K. (2018). Assessment Of Some Heavy Elements and Hydrocarbons in the Water, Sediments and Dominant Aquatic Plants at Al-Chibayish marshes. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 208 pp. (in Arabic).

Abdoul, H.H. and Farhan, Z.K. (2018). Effect of wastewater on some physical and chemical Properties of the water of the Chabayish marshland. J. Univ. Babylon Pure Appl. Sci., 26(7): 158-173. (in Arabic).

Al-Saboonchi, A.A.; Muhammad, A.M. and Radee, F.K. (2014). Assessment Of Water Quality Of East Hammar Marsh Using WQI, Basra-Iraq. Dhi Qar Sci. J., 5(1): 24-31. (in Arabic).

Al-Shaban, Z.A. (2021). Assessment of the water quality of the eastern Hammar Marsh in southern Iraq using the Canadian index. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 126 pp. (in Arabic).

Al-Emara, F.J.; Aliwi, Y.J. and Mons, F.S. (2001). Monthly changes in the levels of nutrients and chlorophyll in Shatt Al-Arab river. J. Mesopot. Mar. Sci., 16(1): 347-357. (in Arabic).

Ali, O.A. and Attia, H.H. (2018). Using statistical analysis to study the most important causes of pollution in the Iraqi marshlands. Iraqi J. Adm. Sci., 14(55): 240-255. (in Arabic).

Al-Lamy, H. A. J. (2008). Hydrochemical and sedimentological study for north western part of Al-Hawizah marsh Missan governorate

south of Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Baghdad, 132 pp. (in Arabic).

Alqam, F.M. (2002). The effect of organic pollution in Al-Diwaniyah River on the efficiency of the water communities of Al-Nawasir and Al Hammadi villages-Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. Al-Qadisiyah J., 7(3): 16-20. (in Arabic).

Al-Saad, H.T.; Salman, N.S. ; Al-Mukhtar, M.A. and Al-Hassan, S.I. (2017). Ecology of Freshwaters and Estuaries (1st ed.). Dar Almaarf for University Books, Univ. Basrah, 159 pp. (in Arabic).

Al-Shamary, A.Ch. (2016). A study of the nature of the fish population in Al-Hawizeh Marsh for the period from 2004-2008 after the recovery of the marshes. Babylon Univ. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 24(6): 1682-1666. (in Arabic).

Al-Musawi, T.J.K. (2012). Variation of some water quality parameters of Huwaiza Marsh in Southern Iraq. J. Eng., 18(1): 107-120.

Al-Naqeeb, N.A.; Al Hassany, J.S. and Mashi, F.K. (2020). Assessment of the water quality of Um El-Naaj marshes by diatoms. Eco. Env. Cons., 26(1): 405 -410.

Al-Obaidy, A.H.M.; Maulood, B.K. and Kadhem, A.J. (2010). Evaluating raw and treated water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad by index analysis. J. Water Resour. prot., 2(7): 629-635. DOI:10.4236/jwarp.2010.27072.

Ansari, S. and Singh, S. K. (2017). Limnological studies with reference to phytoplankton diversity in ponds of semi-arid zone of western Uttar Pradesh. Biol. Forum–Int. J., 9(2): 129-147.

APHA (American Public Health Association) (2005). "Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 21st Edition. Washington, DC. USA.

Douabul, A.A.Z.; Al-Saad, H.T.; Abdullah, D.S., and Salman, N.A. (2013). Designated protected Marsh within Mesopotamia: water quality. Am. J. Water Resour., 1(3): 39-44. DOI:10.12691/ajwr-1-3-4.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1978). Method 3653: Phosphorus, All Forms (Colorimetric, Ascorbic Acid, Two Reagent). US EPA. Washington, DC.‏ USA.

Ezekiel, E.N.; Hart, A.I. and Abowei, J.F. (2011) The Physical and Chemical Condition of Sombreiro River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Res. Environ. Earth Sci., 3(4): 327-340.

Farhood, A.T. (2016). Water quality status in different aquatic environments in Thi-Qar province based on NSF-WQI. J. Thi-Qar Sci., 6(1): 17-24.

Goldman, C.R. and Horne, A.J. (1983). Limnology McGraw–Hill Book Co., New York. 464 pp.

Hameed, H.A. and Al-Jorany, Y.S. (2011). Investigation on nutrient behavior along Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 7(8): 1340-1345.

Hasanain, W.S.; Tuema, A. R. and Muhammad, S.K. (2016). Testing of the effect drying the marshes on the climatic elements in south Iraq. Eng. Technol. J., 34(2): 11-25. (in Arabic). DOI:10.30684/-etj.34.2B.19.

Khudair, D.B.H. and Al-Mosawi, N. (2018). Water Quality Assessment and Total Dissolved Solids Prediction using Artificial Neural Network in Al-Hawizeh Marsh South of Iraq. J. Eng., 24 (4): 147-156.

Larnier, K.; Roux, H.; Dartus, D. and Groze, O. (2010). Water temperature modeling in the Garonne River (France). Knowl. Managet. Aquat. Ecosyst., 398: 4- 17. DOI:10.1051/kmae/2010031.

Nicholson, E. and Clark, P. (2002). The Iraqi Marshlands: A human and environmental study. Amar Int. Charitable Found., 332 pp.

Mackereth, F.J.; Heron, J. and Talling, J.F. (1978). Water analysis, some revised methods for limnologists. Sci. Pub. Freshw. Biol. Ass. (England), 36: 1-120 pp.

Nashoor, I.kh. and Vartan, S.A. (2012). The status of marshes in Basra and its future. J. Eco. Sci., 8(29): 1-26. (in Arabic).

Mohammed, E. (2010). Water Quality Monitoring Of Al-Hawizeh Marsh. Al-Qadisiyah J. Eng. Sci., 3(3): 222-233.‏

Muhsin, I.J. (2011). Al-Hawizeh Marsh monitoring method using remotely sensed images. Iraqi J. Sci., 52(3): 381-387.

Moyel, M.S. (2010). Assessment of water quality of the northern part of Shatt Al-Arab River, using water quality index (Canadian version). M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 100 pp. (in Arabic).

Ogaili, J.W. and Al-Kubaisi, A. A. (2014). A study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of the central marshes in southern Iraq after restoration . Bag. Sci. J., 11(2) :991-998. (in Arabic). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.2.991-998.

Panda, P.K.; Panda, R.B. and Dash, P.K. (2018). The river water pollution in India and abroad: A critical review to study the relationship among different physico-chemical parameters. Am. J. Water Resour., 6(1): 25-38. DOI:10.12691/ajwr-6-1-4.

Rasheed, S.S. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative Study of the Planktonic and Epiphytic Diatoms in East Hammar Marsh /Southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, 138 pp. (in Arabic).

Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R. (1972). A practical hand book of seawater analysis. (2nd Ed). Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can., 167 pp. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1791.

Thampson, P.A.; Waite, A.M. and Mcmahon, k. (2003). Dynamics of cyanobacterial bloom in a hypereutrophic, stratified weir pool. Mar. Freshw. Res., 54(1): 27-37. DOI:10.1071/MF02060.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2001). The Mesopotamian marshlands: demise of an ecosystem. Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Nairobi, Kenya, 46.‏

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2011). The Mesopotamian Marshlands, nearly destroyed in the 1990s, have been partially restored but remain at risk. Keeping Track of Our Changing Environment: From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012) Nations Environment Programme.

USAID (United States Agency for International Development) (2004). Iraq marshlands restoration program action plan, U.S. Agency Int. Dev., 222 pp.

Warner, B.G.; Douabul, A.A. and Abaychi, J.K. (2011). Restoration of the Marshes of southern Iraq: Prospects and Challenges. In S. Kubba, The Iraqi Marshlands and the Marsh Arabs; The Ma'dan,

Thier Culture and Environment. (1st ed.), United Kingdom: Ithaca Press, 300 pp.

Weiner, E.R. (2000). Application of environmental chemistry. Lewis publishers, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 288 pp.

Wetzel, R.G. and Likens, G.E. (2000) . Limnological analyses , (3rd ed.). Springer. San Francisco, New York, London, 429 pp.